Damage
Property damage caused by gulls should also be considered. From blocked gutters caused by the fouling which can lead to water ingress into the building, to damaged rooftops where insulation surrounding pipes and air conditioning systems has been severely damaged and even reports of lead being ripped up. These hidden costs are difficult to evaluate.
Damage to cars and glass atriums of offices and shopping centres should also not be forgotten (sometimes being caused by roof pebbles picked up and dropped from a height by the male gulls).